MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Location: file:///C:/6E234A79/CH_3_NOTES_INTRODUCTION_TO_THE_PERIODIC_TABLE_student_copy.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" CH 3 NOTES INTRODUCTION TH THE PERIODIC TABLE

CH 3 NOTES INTRODUCTION TO THE PERIODIC TABLE

        I. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

           A. BY 1860, SCIENTIST HAD DISCOVERED 60 ELEMENTS AND DETERMINED THEIR _________ _________.=

           B. 100 YEARS AGO THEY BEGAN = TO SEARCH FOR AN ARRANGEMENT OF THE ELEMENTS THAT WOULD SHOW ____________ OF PROPERTIES AND ______________ OF THESE ELEMENTS.

             1. THEY WOULD USE THESE PATTERNS TO MAKE ______________ AND TO _______________ THEIR DATA.

           C. DO BEREINER’S TRIADS – (1829) - GROUPS OF THREE ELEMENTS THAT HAD SIMILAR ______________ PROPERTIES AND THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES VARIED IN AN ORDERLY WAY ACCORDING TO THEIR ____= _______ _______________.

             1. PATTERNS=

                a. DENSITY, MELTING POINT AND BOILING POINT ALL ____________ ___AS ATOMIC MASS INCREASES.

           D. MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE – (1869) –ELEMENTS WERE ORGANIZED BY INCREASING ATOMIC MA= SS. HE LISTED THE ELEMENTS IN A ______________ COLUMN STARTING WITH THE LIGHTES= T. HE STARTED A SECOND COLUMN WHEN AN _____________ HAD SIMILAR PROPERTIES. TH= IS DEVELOPED INTO THE _____________ AND _________________ OF THE PERIODIC TABL= E.

             1. QUESTION MARK= S WERE PLACED WHERE ELEMENTS THAT HAD NOT BEEN __________________ SHOULD BE PLACED= .

             2. _____________= ___ IS THE TENDENCY TO RECUR AT REGULAR INTERVALS.

           E. THE ______________ PERIOD= IC TABLE

             1. HENRY _______= _________ IS CREDITED WITH DEVELOPING THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE.

             2. USES ________= ____ ____________ TO ORGANIZE

             3. ATOMIC NUMBER= =3D # OF _________ IN THE ATOM.

             4. _____________= TO EACH ELEMENT.

           F. ______________ LAW – PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS REPEAT IN A REGULAR PATTERN WHEN THEY ARE ARRANGED IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER.

        <= /p>

II. USING THE PERIODIC TABLE <= o:p>

             A. _______________OF THE PER= IODIC TABLE TO ATOMIC STRUCTURE.

               1. _____________= ____ OR HORIZONTAL ROW INDICATES ENERGY ____________ OR ELECTRON ____________. F= ROM LEFT TO RIGHT ACROSS TABLE, NUCLEUS (___________ + __________) GETS _______= ____ AND # OF ELECTRONS INCREASE BY ______.

               2. ____________ – ALSO CALLED FAMILY – ELEMENTS IN A __________ COLUMN. THEY AR= E _________ FROM LEFT TO RIGHT

             B. ATOMIC _____________ OF ELEMENTS WITHIN A PERIOD.

                1. 1S= T PERIOD IS COMPLETE WITH _______ ELECTRONS. REMEMBER ATOMIC ORBITAL FROM AUF= BAU DIAGRAM. ALSO TABLE 5.D PAGES 848- 849.

                  A) HYDROGEN – _____ ELECTRON

                  B) HELIUM – _______ ELECTRONS

               2. 2ND LEVEL – _____ COMPLETES AND FILLS THIS LEVEL. 1S2, 2S= 2 2PX (X =3D OR< 4)

               3. 3RD LEVEL – _______ FILLS THIS LEVEL 1S2, 2S2 2P6 3S2 3PX (X =3D OR< 6)

               4. 4TH LEVEL – ______ FILLS THIS LEVEL 1S2, 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 3D10 4S2 4PX (X =3D OR< = 6)

               5. 5TH LEVEL – _______ FILLS THIS LEVEL 1S2, 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 3D10 4S2 4P6 4D10 5S2 5PX (X =3D OR< 6)

               6. 6TH LEVEL – ______ FILLS THIS LEVEL 1S2, 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 3D10 4S2 4P6 4D10 4F14 5S2 5P6 5D10 6S2 6PX= (X =3D OR< 6)

 

             C ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF ______= ____ WITHIN A GROUP

               1. GROUP # IS RE= LATED TO ____________ ELECTRONS.

     2. EX

LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE

GROUP 1=3D ___ VALENCE ELECTRO= N        H     Li    Na

GROUP 2=3D ___ VALENCE ELECTRO= NS      Be   Mg  Ca        =      

      ‘’    13=3D ___        ‘’        =           ‘’        =           B     Al=     Ga    

      ‘’    14=3D ___        ‘’        =           ‘’         =          C     Si    Ge

      ‘= 217;    15=3D ___        ‘’        =           ‘’        =           N      P     As=

      ‘’    16=3D ___        ‘’        =           ‘’        =           O      S     Se=

      ‘’    17=3D ___        ‘’        =           ‘’         =           F      Cl    Br

      ‘’    18=3D ___      &nb= sp; ‘’        =           ‘’        =            Ne   Ar    Kr <= /b>

        =             &nb= sp;            =             &nb= sp;            =             &nb= sp;   EXCEPT He

               3. KNOW ________= ______ STRUCTURE (SEE ABOVE)

               4. BECAUSE ELEME= NTS IN THE SAME _____________ OR ___________ HAVE THE SAME # OF VALENCE ELECTRONS. THEY HAVE SIMILAR PROPERTIES.

               5. NAMES OF GROU= PS

                  a) GROUP 1 – _________ METAL

                  b) GROUP 2 – _____________ EARTH METAL

                  c) GROUP 17 – ______________

                  d) GROUP 18 – ___________ ________ – FULL COMPLEMENT OF VALENCE EL= ECTRONS AND ARE GENERALLY ________________. ALSO CALLED ___________ GASES.

D PHYSICAL STATE= S AND __________ OF THE ELEMENTS

   1. ______________ __________= __ OF THE ELEMENTS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE AND AT NORMAL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.

        A) MOST ELEMENTS ARE _______= __. LEFT AND MIDDLE OF CHART

        B) ONLY _______ LIQUIDS=

        C) GASEOUS ELEMENTS ARE LOCA= TED ON THE _________ ____________ ____________ EXCEPT _______________.<= /span>

     2. _____________ ELEMENTS ARE PRODUCED ARTIFICIALLY IN PARTICLE ACCELERATORS AND MADE BY MEA= NS OF NUCLEAR REACTION.

        A) _________________ ELEMENT= 43

        B) AND ALL ELEMENTS AFTER _____________ ELEMENT 92.

        C) SMALL AMOUNTS OF NEPTUNIU= M, ELEMENT __ AND PLUTONIUM, ELEMENT __ HAVE BEEN FOUND IN URANIUM ORES. =

     3. CLASSIFYING EL= EMENTS

        A) ____________- MAJORITY OF ELEMENTS ARE METALS, FOUND ON THE ENTIRE LEFT SIDE AND CENTER OF PERIODIC T= ABLE. HOLD VALENCE ELECTRONS _______________.

     1. PHYSICAL PROPE= RTIES OF METALS: __________ LUSTER, ______________, STRONG, ___________ HEAT AND ELECTRICITY, MALLIBLE, ______________, METALS USUALLY HAVE 1, 2, OR 3 VALEN= CE ELECTRONS. MOST HAVE EXTREMELY HIGH MELTING POINTS (_______ IS THE ONLY MET= AL THAT IS A LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP). MOST ARE VERY ______________.

        a) ___________________ METAL= S ARE GROUPS 3-12.

MIDDLE OF PERIOD= IC TABLE, MANY ARE VERY _________. THEY HAVE _________ ATOMIC STRUCTURES SO TH= EIR BEHAVIOR AND PROPERTIES ARE ______________________.

        b) _________________ –= 1ST SERIES OF INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS. 58 – 71 CALLED ______ EARTH ELEM= ENTS BECAUSE THEIR NATURAL ________________ ON EARTH IS LESS THAN .01%

        c) ______________ – 2<= sup>ND SERIES OF INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS ATOMIC NUMBERS ___ – ____. ALL __= ______________ AND NONE ABOVE 92 URANIUM ARE _____________ OCCURRING.

          * BECAUSE OF THEIR COMPLEX ATOMIC STRUCTURES BOTH LANTHANIDES AND ACTINIDES A= RE ______________________. *

             B) ___________ OCCUPY THE UP= PER RIGHT HAND CORNER.

   __________________ IN NATURE= .

   OXYGEN AND NITROGEN MAKE UP = ____% OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE.

   _____________ IS FOUND IN MO= RE COMPOUNDS THAN ALL THE OTHER ELEMENTS COMBINED.

CARBON, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN AND OXYGEN ARE ALL FOUND IN _______________ MOLECULES.<= /span>

  ____________ CONDUCTORS OF HEAT, DON’T CONDUCT ELECTRICITY (_____________), _____________ WHEN SOLID, = NON METALLIC LUSTER, MANY ARE _______ AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.

   _________ MELTING POINTS, HO= LDS VALENCE TIGHTLY ELECTRONS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF _______ (4), NON METALS HAV= E 5, 6, 7, 8, ___________________ ELECTRONS.

        &= nbsp; C) ___________ OR SEMIMETALS ARE LOCATED ON THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN METALS AND NONMETALS. THEY HAVE SOME CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF __________ ME= TALS AND NONMETALS.

       IMPO= RTANT _____________________.

        &= nbsp; _______ MADE THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION POSSIBLE.

E. GENERAL PROPE= RTIES OF METALS AND        =        NONMETALS AND METALLOIDS ARE DETERMINED BY THEIR VALENCE ELECTRON __________________________.

              1. ___________ – LOOSELY HELD ELECTRONS – THEY TEND TO LOSE THEM WHEN BONDING. THEY FO= RM ___________ BONDING WITH A NONMETAL

              WHEN A METAL BONDS ITS= ELF IT IS CALLED A __________ BOND, THEY SHARE A SEA OF ___________. MAKING IT CON= DUCT ____________________ WELL

              2. NONMETALS TEND TO H= OLD THEIR ELECTRONS ______, THEY WILL _________ OR BORROW ELECTRONS WHEN BONDIN= G.

                  WHEN 2 NONMETALS SHARE ELECTRONS WITH EACH OTHER THIS IS ________ BONDING. WHEN = THEY TAKE A METAL’S ELECTRONS TO AQUIRE A CHANGE IT IS __________ BONDING.=

          F. SEMICONDUCTORS AND THEIR USES (METALLOIDS)

            &= nbsp;      1.____________, ________________, _____________, _____________________.

            &= nbsp;      2. THE _____________ OF SEMICONDUCTORS CAN BE INCREASED BY ADDING SMALL AMOUNT= S OF OTHER ELEMENTS.

            &= nbsp;